DAFTAR ISI
Definisi verb
Berdasarkan kamus miriam webster, verb adalah kata yang merupakan pusat tata bahasa dari sebuah predikat dalam mengekspresikan suatu tindakan, kejadian dan keberadaan suatu benda.
Verb adalah kata kerja (memiliki aksi) dalam kalimat yang menggambarkan apa yang dilakukan oleh subjek. Bersamaan dengan kata benda (noun), kata kerja adalah bagian utama dari sebuah kalimat atau frasa. Ia menceritakan tentang apa yang sedang terjadi. Tanpa kata kerja, sebuah ide tidak dapat disampaikan dengan benar, dan bahkan kalimat yang paling sederhana, seperti:
Humaira sings. memiliki satu verb yaitu sing.
Verb juga bisa menjadi kalimat dengan sendirinya, contohnya dalam kalimat perintah seperti:
Sing! (You sing!)
Drive! (You drive!)
di mana subjectnya adalah orang kedua tunggal (lawan bicara) seperti You.
JIka kamu ingin belajar lebih dalam tentang perubahan verb, saya menulis artikel lain tentang perubahan kata kerja.
Bentuk-bentuk Verbs
Ada lima bentuk perubahan kata kerja untuk setiap verb: root, third-person singular, past, past participle, dan present participle (dignpresent progressive atau present continous).
- Root adalah bentuk dasar kata kerja atau dikenal dengan kata kerja ke-1 atau to infinitive dan biasa digunakan dalam kalimat yang ada modal auxiliary (can, may and should).
- Third-person singular adalah bentuk kata kerja yang ditambahkan akhiran -s atu -es dan digunakan dalam tenses simple present dimana subjeknya adalah orang ketiga tunggal (he, she dan it).
- Past adalah bentuk kata kerja bentuk ke-2 atau dikenal dengan bentuk lampau dan digunakan untuk kalimat dengan tenses simple past.
- Past participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan digunakan dalam tenses past perfect dan kalimat passive.
- Present participle adalah kata kerja yang berakhiran -ing dan digunakan untuk kalimat dengan tenses present continous, past continous, present perfect continous dan past perfect continous.
Bentuk Root (Dasar) dari Verb
Bentuk dasar dari sebuah verb adalah bentuk awal verb tanpa perubahan. Verb dasar ini belum ditambahkan prefixes atau suffixes.
Bentuk dasar dari kata kerja sama dengan bentuk infinitive tanpa “to” Lihat contoh berikut:
to see – see
to be – be
to wear – wear
to go – go
Bentuk dasar dari verb digunakan untuk membentuk verb lainnya ketika berubah bentuk. Hal ini mudah terlihat dalam bentuk regular verb tapi tidak nampak pada irregular verb dan sngat tergantung dengan tenses. Berikut contoh untuk mengilustrasikan konsep ini:
I am going to school.
(Root: go)
What did you do yesterday?
(Root: do)
The girl showed her mother the picture she drew in school.
(Root: show)
He had eaten three hamburgers.
(Root: eat)
Bentuk Kata Kerja Third Person Singular
Kata kerja Third Person Singular adalah verb yang hadir dengan orang ketiga tunggal (he/she/it) dalam tenese simple present. Biasanya dengan menambahkan -s atau -es pada ujung root kata kerja. Perhatikan contoh berikut: he sees
she watches
it shrinks
one does
Bentuk Verb Present Participle (Verb + -ing)
Kata kerja present participle dibuat dengan menambahkan -ing ke root kata kerja. Kata kerja ini biasanya digunakan sebagai kata kerja dalam tenses past, present danfuture continous/progressive. Lihat contoh berikut ini:
We’re coming to the party tonight.
(come – coming)
They have been drawing for hours.
(draw – drawing)
We will be washing the car before vacation.
(wash – washing)
Bentuk Kata Kerja Past dan Past Participle
Bentuk kata kerja past dan past participle adalah kata kerja yang telah ditambahkan -ed pada root kata kerja. Bentuk kata kerja ini hanya digunakan dalam tenses simple past. Lihat contoh berikut:
We shopped for hours on Sunday afternoon.
(shop – shopped)
The books were stacked on the shelf.
(stack – stacked)
He had played computer games for the whole weekend.
(play – played)
Karta kerja regular verb mudah dan tidak perlu dihafal tapi untuk kata kerja irregular verb, kita perlu melihatnya di kamus. Berikut ini adalah conoth irregular verb:
| Root | Simple Past | Past Participle |
| Sing | Sang | Sung |
| See | Saw | Seen |
| Fall | Fell | Fallen |
| Give | Gave | Given |
| Go | Went | Gone |
I had forgiven him for his unkind words.
Mahmudi had lit candles all around the room.
Daftar Perubahan Kata Kerja Irregular Verb Berdasarkan Pola
Beberapa blog di Indonesia yang menuis tentang perubahan kata kerja tidak mengelompokkan kata kerja berdasarkan pola untuk mempermudah kita mengingatnya.
Perubahan kata kerja irregular verb berdasarkan pola ini akan mempermudah kamu menghafal daftar irregular verb dalam Bahasa Inggris.
Saya pribadi dulu menghafal dengan metode ini sehingga mudah mengingatnya jika diperlukan. Insyaallah kamu juga bisa.
Untuk mengingatkan kembali, berikut penamaan perubahan kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris:
- Verb 1 disebut juga infinitive atau present
- Verb 2 disebut juga past
- Verb 3 disebut juga past participle
Irregular Verb Pola #1
Pola #1 adalah pola yang bentuk Verb 1, Verb 2 dan Verb 3 sama. Tidak ada perubahan bentuk sama sekali
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bet | Bet | Bet | Bertaruh |
| Burst | Burst | Burst | Meledak |
| Cost | Cost | Cost | Berharga |
| Cut | Cut | Cut | Memotong |
| Fit | Fit | Fit | Mencocokkan |
| Hit | Hit | Hit | Memukul |
| Hurt | Hurt | Hurt | Melukai |
| Let | Let | Let | Membiarkan |
| Put | Put | Put | Meletakkan |
| Set | Set | Set | Menetapkan |
| Shut | Shut | Shut | Menutup |
| Spit | Spit/Spat | Spit/Spat | Meludah |
| Spread | Spread | Spread | Menyebarkan |
| Upset | Upset | Upset | Mengecewakan |
Irregular Verb Pola #2
Pola #2 adalah pola yang bentuk Verb 2 & Verb 3 sama dan berakhiran -d.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Find | Found | Found | Menemukan |
| Have | Had | Had | Mempunyai |
| Hear | Heard | Heard | Mendengarkan |
| Lay | Laid | Laid | Meletakkan |
| Lead | Led | Led | Memimpin |
| Make | Made | Made | Membuat |
| Pay | Paid | Paid | Membayar |
| Read | Read* | Read | Membaca |
| Say | Said | Said | Mengatakan |
| Sell | Sold | Sold | Menjual |
| Slide | Slid | Slid | Meluncur |
| Stand | Stood | Stood | Berdiri |
| Understand | Understood | Understood | Memahami |
*Read Verb 2 dan Read Verb 3 dibaca [red]
Irregular Verb Pola #3
Pola #3 adalah pola Verb 2 & Verb 3 sama dan berakhiran -t. Ciri-cirinya adalah adanya penyusutkan bunyi vokal dari bentuk present ke bentuk past dan past participle.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Verb 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Build | Built | Built | Membangun |
| Creep | Crept | Crept | Merayap |
| Deal | Delt | Delt | Berhubungan |
| Feel | Felt | Felt | Merasakan |
| Get | Got | Gotten | Medapatkan |
| Keep | Kept | Kept | Menjaga |
| Leave | Left | Left | Meninggalkan |
| Leap | Lept | Lept | Melompat |
| Lend | Lent | Lent | Meminjam |
| Learn | Learnt | Learnt | Belajar |
| Light | Lit | Lit | Menyalakan |
| Loose | Lost | Lost | Melepaskan |
| Mean | Ment | Ment | Bermaksud |
| Meet | Met | Met | Bertemu |
| Send | Sent | Sent | Mengirim |
| Sit | Sat | Sat | Duduk |
| Spend | Spent | Spent | Mengirim |
Irregular Verb Pola #4
Pola #4 Verb 2 dan Verb 3 sama namun dengan akhiran bervariasi.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bleed | Bled | Bled | Berdarah |
| Breed | Bred | Bred | Beternak |
| Bring | Brought | Brought | Membawa |
| Burn | Burnt | Burnt | Membakar |
| Buy | Bought | Bought | Membeli |
| Catch | Caught | Caught | Menangkap |
| Dig | Dug | Dug | Menggali |
| Feed | Fed | Fed | Memberi makan |
| Fight | Fought | Fought | Berkelahi |
| Hang | Hung | Hung | Menggantung |
| Hold | Held | Held | Memegang |
| Shine | Shone | Shone | Berrsinar |
| Shoot | Shot | Shot | Menembak |
| Spin | Spun | Spun | Berputar |
| Spring | Sprang/Sprung | Sprung | Bergerak |
| Sting | Stung | Stung | Menyengat |
| Stink | Stunk | Stunk | Menebar bau busuk |
| Strike | Struck | Struck | Memukul |
| Sweep | Swept | Swept | Menyapu |
| Sleep | Slept | Slept | Tidur |
| Stick | Stuck | Stuck | Menempel(kan) |
| Teach | Taught | Taught | Mengajar |
| Tell | Told | Told | Mengabari |
| Think | Thought | Thought | Berpikir |
| Weep | Wept | Wept | Menangis |
| Win | Won | Won | (Me)menang(kan) |
| Wind | Wound | Wound | Membunyikan |
Irregular Verb Pola #5
Pola #5 adalah pola perubahan vokal. Bunyi vokal pada kata kerja bentuk present berubah menjadi [a] dalam bentuk past dan menjadi [u] dalam bentuk past participle.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Begin | Began | Begun | Mulai |
| Drink | Drank | Drunk | Minum |
| Ring | Rang | Rung | Membunyikan bel |
| Run | Ran | Run | Berlari |
| Sing | Sing | Sang | Bernyanyi |
| Sink | Sank | Sunk | Tenggelam |
| Swim | Swam | Swum | Berenang |
| Shrink | Shrank | Shrunk | Menyusut |
| Swing | Swang/Swung | Swung | Mengayun |
Irregular Verb Pola #6
Pola #4 adalah perubahan bertingkat. Bunyi vokal pada bentuk past berubah menjadi [e], sedangkan pada bentuk past participle, vokal berubah menjadi [o] dan menambahkan akhiran -n pada bentuk present.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grow | Grew | Grow | Tumbuh |
| Fly | Flew | Flown | Terbang |
| Know | Knew | Known | Mengetahui |
| Throw | Threw | Thrown | Membuang |
| Draw | Drew | Drawn | Menggambar |
| Withdraw | Withdrew | Withdrawn | Menarik |
Irregular Verb Pola #7
Pola #7 adalah perubahan bertingkat dan ditambahkan akhiran -n. Bentuk verb 2 berubah baik dengan perubahan vokal atau pengurangan vokal sedangkan verb 3 tetap namun ditambah akhiran -n.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bite | Bit | Bitten | Menggigit |
| Break | Broke | Broken | Merusak |
| Choose | Chose | Chosen | Memilih |
| Eat | Ate | Eaten | Makan |
| Fall | Fell | Fallen | Jatuh |
| Forget | Forgot | Forgotten | Lupa |
| Forgive | Forgave | Forgiven | Memaafkan |
| Freeze | Froze | Frozen | Membekukan |
| Give | Gave | Given | Memberikan |
| Hide | Hid | Hidden | Bersembunyi |
| Ride | Rode | Ridden | |
| Rise | Rose | Risen | |
| Shake | Shook | Shaken | Menggoyang(kan) |
| Speak | Spoke | Spoken | Berbicara |
| Steal | Stole | Stolen | Mencuri |
| Swear | Swore | Sworn | Bersumpah |
| Take | Took | Taken | Mengambil |
| Wake | Woke | Waken | Bangkit/ Membangunkan |
| Wear | Wore | Worn | Memudar/ Mengenakan |
| Weave | Wove | Woven | Menenun |
| Write | Wrote | Written | Menulis |
Irregular Verb Pola #8
Pola #7 adalah pola acak yang memiliki bentuk perubahan kata kerja yang beragam. Karena tidak cocok untuk dimasukkan ke salah satu pola di atas, maka ia dimasukkan dalam kategori pola acak.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Be (Is, Am, Are) | Was/Were | Been | Adalah |
| Become | Became | Become | Menjadi |
| Come | Came | Come | Datang |
| Do | Did | Done | Melakukan |
| Lie | Lay | Lain | Berbaring |
| Mistake | Mistook | Mistaken | Salam Paham |
| See | Saw | Seen | Melihat |
Daftar Perubahan Kata Kerja Irregular Verb Berdasarkan Abjad A-Z
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past Participle |
| A | ||
| arise | arose | arisen |
| awake | awoke | awoken |
| B | ||
| bear | bore | borne |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| bend | bent | bent |
| beset | beset | beset |
| bet | bet/betted | bet |
| bid | bid | bid |
| bind | bound | bound |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned |
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past Participle |
| C | ||
| cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| cling | clung | clung |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| cut | cut | cut |
| Verb 1 Infinitive) | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| D | ||
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dive | dived/dove (AmE) | dived |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt /dreamed | dreamt /dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| E | ||
| eat | ate | eaten |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| D | ||
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dive | dived/dove | dived |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt /dreamed | dreamt /dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| E | ||
| eat | ate | eaten |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| F | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit | fit, fitted | fit, fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgo /forego | forwent, forewent | forgone, foregone |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| G | ||
| get | got | got (BrE) /gotten (AmE) |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| H | ||
| hang | hung | hung |
| hang | hanged | hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| K | ||
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt | knelt |
| know | knew | known |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| F | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit | fit, fitted | fit, fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgo /forego | forwent, forewent | forgone, foregone |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| G | ||
| get | got | got (BrE) /gotten (AmE) |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| H | ||
| hang | hung | hung |
| hang | hanged | hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| K | ||
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt | knelt |
| know | knew | known |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| F | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit | fit, fitted | fit, fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgo /forego | forwent, forewent | forgone, foregone |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| G | ||
| get | got | got (BrE) /gotten (AmE) |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| H | ||
| hang | hung | hung |
| hang | hanged | hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| K | ||
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt | knelt |
| know | knew | known |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| L | ||
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lean | leant /leaned | leant /leaned |
| leap | leapt /leaped | leapt /leaped |
| learn | learnt /learned | learnt /learned |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| light | lit /lighted | lit /lighted |
| lose | lost | lost |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| M | ||
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| misspell | misspelt /misspelled | misspelt /misspelled |
| mistake | mistook | mistaken |
| mow | mowed | mowed/mown |
| O | ||
| overcome | overcame | overcome |
| overdo | overdid | overdone |
| overtake | overtook | overtaken |
| overthrow | overthrew | overthrown |
| P | ||
| pay | paid | paid |
| plead | pleaded/ pled | pleaded/ pled |
| prove | proved | proved/proven |
| put | put | put |
| Q | ||
| quit | quit | quit |
| R | ||
| read | read | read |
| rid | rid | rid |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| S | ||
| saw | sawed | sawn /sawed |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| sew | sewed | sewn/sewed |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shear | sheared | sheared/shorn |
| shed | shed | shed |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| slay | slew | slayed /slain |
| slide | slid | slid |
| sling | slung | slung |
| slit | slit | slit |
| smell | smelt /smelled | smelt /smelled |
| smite | smote | smitten |
| sow | sowed | sown /sowed |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| speed | sped /speeded | sped /speeded |
| spell | spelt /spelled | spelt /spelled |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilt /spilled | spilt /spilled |
| spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spat | spat |
| split | split | split |
| spoil | spoilt /spoiled | spoilt /spoiled |
| spread | spread | spread |
| spring | sprang | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| stink | stank | stunk |
| stride | strode | stridden |
| strike | struck | struck |
| strive | strove | striven |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swell | swelled | swelled /swollen |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| T | ||
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| thrive | thrived /throve | thrived /thriven |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| thrust | thrust | thrust |
| tread | trod | trodden /trod |
| U | ||
| understand | understood | understood |
| uphold | upheld | upheld |
| upset | upset | upset |
| W | ||
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| weave | wove /weaved | woven /weaved |
| wed | wedded /wed | wedded /wed |
| weep | wept | wept |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
| withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn |
| withhold | withheld | withheld |
| withstand | withstood | withstood |
| wring | wrung | wrung |
| write | wrote | written |