Pada artikel kali ini saya akan membahas perubahan kata kerja beserta daftar perubahan untuk regular dan irregular verb.
Pada akhir artikel ini kamu akan belajar:
- Kenapa kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris mengalami perubahan
- Bagaimana setiap perubahan kata kerja digunakan dalam tenses Bahasa Inggris
- Daftar perubahan kata kerja ir-regular verb berdasarkan pola
- Perubahan kata kerja ir-regular verb berdasarkan abjad
Bagi kamu yang hanya perlu melihat daftar perubahan kata kerja atau ingin memilih topik tertentu, langsung lompat ke section daftar isi berikut ini:
DAFTAR ISI
Kenapa Kata Kerja Bahasa Inggris Berubah?
Kata kerja Bahasa Inggris berubah karena berkaitan dengan penggunaanya dalam tenses, passive, adjective dan reduced clause.
Untuk penjelasan kali ini kita hanya akan membahas penggunaan kata kerja pada tenses saja. Untuk penggunaanya pada adjective dapat dibaca penjelasan fungsi adjective sedangkan pada pasive silahkan baca tentang passive voice [masih dalam draft] .
Oke, baik mari kita memahami hakikat keberadaan kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris.
Kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris memiliki perubahan bentuk sesuai dengan tenses diamana ia berada. Tenses dalam Bahasa Inggris memiliki artik “waktu”. Waktu tersebut dinyatakan dalam perubahan kata kerja yang kita kenal dengan istilah Verb 1, Verb 2 dan Verb 3.
Nah itulah alasan kenapa kata kerja memiliki perubahan! Ia digunakan untuk grammar yang berbeda dalam kalimat.
Singkatnya, kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris mengalami empat bentuk:
- Present/infinitive (Verb 1)
- Past (Verb 2)
- Past Participle (Verb 3)
- Present Participle (Verb -Ing)
Jika dalam Bahasa Indonesia kata kerja berubah dengan menambahkan imbuhan awal atau akhiran, seperti mem-baca & baca-an, dalam Bahasa Inggris kata kerja umumnya berubah dengan merubah atau menambahkan akhiran saja seperti:
| Present | Past | Past Prticiple | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| study | studied | studied | belajar |
| listen | listened | studied | mendengar |
| watch | watched | watched | menonton |
| write | wrote | written | menulis |
Ke-empat perubahan kata kerja di atas dibagi dalam dua kategori berdasarkan bentuk perubahannya. Kata kerja regular verb [beraturan] dan irregular verb [tak beraturan].
Tapi kata wrote di atas kok tidak berubah dengan menambahkan akhiran?
Oke, tadi saya bilang umumnya. Artinya ada beberapa kata kerja yang perubahannya tidak dengan merubah atau menambahkan akhiran. Kata tersebut masuk dalam kategori irregular verb.
Oleh karena itu, Bahasa Inggris membagi perubahan kata kerja menjadi dua pembagian: regular verb dan irregular verb. Pembagian ini dibuat berdasarkan apakah suatu kata kerja Bahasa Inggris berubah bentuknya dengan menambahkan -ed atau tidak.
Mari kita lihat penggunaanya dalam kalimat.
Aplikasi Perubahan Kata Kerja dalam Kalimat
Untuk kata kerja yang perubahan bentuknya terjadi dengan penambahan -ed disebut dengan istilah regular verb. Yang artinya “beraturan” atau “ada aturan”. Adapun aturannya adalah dengan menambahkan akhiran -ed pada akhir kata kerja.
Perhatikan perubahan kata kerja study dalam kalimat berikut:
1. I study English every day. >> simple present
[Saya belajar Bahasa Inggris setiap hari]
2. I studied yesterday. >> simple past
[Saya belajar Bahasa Inggris setiap hari]
3. I have studied English before leaving abroad. >> present perfect
[Saya belajar Bahasa Inggris sebelum pergi ke luar negeri]
Kalimat pertama menggunakan kata kerja present “study”. Kata kerja present digunakan dengan tenses simple present.
Kalimat kedua menggunakan kata kerja past “studied”. -ed pada kata studied adalah tanda perubahan kata kerja tersebut dalam bentuk past. Studied, digunakan untuk tenses simple past seperti pada contoh kalimat 2.
Sedangkan kalimat ketiga, meskipun memiliki perubahan bentuk kata kerja yang sama persis dengan past, ia hanya digunakan untuk tenses present perfect atau past perfect. Artinya selalu diikuti dengan modal auxiliary has/have/had.
Sedangkan Irregular verb adalah kata kerja yang perubahannya tidak memiliki aturan. Perhatikan perubahan kata kerja go dalam kalimat di bawah ini:
4. I go to the market every day.
[Saya pergi ke pasar itu stiap hari]
5. I went to the market yesterday.
[Saya pergi ke pasar itu kemarin]
6. I have gone to the market once.
[Saya pernah pergi ke pasar itu sekali]
Bandingkan ketiga kalimat di atas. Go, went dan gone ketiga-tiganya memiliki arti pergi dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Tapi dalam Bahasa Inggris digunakan untuk tenses [waktu] yang berbeda. Artinya setiap perubahan kata kerja digunakan untuk tenses yang berbeda.
Go digunakan untuk tenses simple present, went untuk simple past dan gone untuk present perfect atau past perfect.
Go adalah perubahan kata kerja bentuk present, went bentuk past dan gone bentuk past participle.
Bagaimana dengan present participle? Present participle adalah perubahan kata kerja dengan menambahkan -ing pada ujung kata kerja. Sering juga disebut sebagai verb-ing. Present participle ini memiliki banyak fungsi dalam Bahasa Inggris. Salah satunya sebagai grund.
Silahkan baca bentuk dan fungsi gerund untuk penjelasan lebih detail mengenai gerund.
Tapi umumnya kita mengenalnya untuk membentuk kalimat dengan waktu sekarang dan sedang terjadi. Nama tenses untuk ini adalah present continuous atau present progressives.
Selain itu, present participle juga digunakan untuk tenses past continuous.
Lihat contoh penggunaan kata kerja present participle dalam kalimat denagn tenses present continuous.
6. I am studying English now.
[Saya belajar Bahasa Inggris sekarang]
7. I am going to the market now.
[Saya pergi ke pasar sekarang ]
Jika kamu ingin tahu lebih detail mengenai penggunaan setiap perubahan kata kerja dalam kalimat silahkan baca tulisan saya sebelumnya tentang Verb: Perubahan dan Penggunaannya dalam Kalimat
Daftar Perubahan Kata Kerja Irregular Verb Berdasarkan Pola
Beberapa blog di Indonesia yang menuis tentang perubahan kata kerja tidak mengelompokkan kata kerja berdasarkan pola untuk mempermudah kita mengingatnya.
Perubahan kata kerja irregular verb berdasarkan pola ini akan mempermudah kamu menghafal daftar irregular verb dalam Bahasa Inggris.
Saya pribadi dulu menghafal dengan metode ini sehingga mudah mengingatnya jika diperlukan. Insyaallah kamu juga bisa.
Untuk mengingatkan kembali, berikut penamaan perubahan kata kerja dalam Bahasa Inggris:
- Verb 1 disebut juga infinitive atau present
- Verb 2 disebut juga past
- Verb 3 disebut juga past participle
Irregular Verb Pola #1
Pola #1 adalah pola yang bentuk Verb 1, Verb 2 dan Verb 3 sama. Tidak ada perubahan bentuk sama sekali
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bet | Bet | Bet | Bertaruh |
| Burst | Burst | Burst | Meledak |
| Cost | Cost | Cost | Berharga |
| Cut | Cut | Cut | Memotong |
| Fit | Fit | Fit | Mencocokkan |
| Hit | Hit | Hit | Memukul |
| Hurt | Hurt | Hurt | Melukai |
| Let | Let | Let | Membiarkan |
| Put | Put | Put | Meletakkan |
| Set | Set | Set | Menetapkan |
| Shut | Shut | Shut | Menutup |
| Spit | Spit/Spat | Spit/Spat | Meludah |
| Spread | Spread | Spread | Menyebarkan |
| Upset | Upset | Upset | Mengecewakan |
Irregular Verb Pola #2
Pola #2 adalah pola yang bentuk Verb 2 & Verb 3 sama dan berakhiran -d.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Find | Found | Found | Menemukan |
| Have | Had | Had | Mempunyai |
| Hear | Heard | Heard | Mendengarkan |
| Lay | Laid | Laid | Meletakkan |
| Lead | Led | Led | Memimpin |
| Make | Made | Made | Membuat |
| Pay | Paid | Paid | Membayar |
| Read | Read* | Read | Membaca |
| Say | Said | Said | Mengatakan |
| Sell | Sold | Sold | Menjual |
| Slide | Slid | Slid | Meluncur |
| Stand | Stood | Stood | Berdiri |
| Understand | Understood | Understood | Memahami |
*Read Verb 2 dan Read Verb 3 dibaca [red]
Irregular Verb Pola #3
Pola #3 adalah pola Verb 2 & Verb 3 sama dan berakhiran -t. Ciri-cirinya adalah adanya penyusutkan bunyi vokal dari bentuk present ke bentuk past dan past participle.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Verb 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Build | Built | Built | Membangun |
| Creep | Crept | Crept | Merayap |
| Deal | Delt | Delt | Berhubungan |
| Feel | Felt | Felt | Merasakan |
| Get | Got | Gotten | Medapatkan |
| Keep | Kept | Kept | Menjaga |
| Leave | Left | Left | Meninggalkan |
| Leap | Lept | Lept | Melompat |
| Lend | Lent | Lent | Meminjam |
| Learn | Learnt | Learnt | Belajar |
| Light | Lit | Lit | Menyalakan |
| Loose | Lost | Lost | Melepaskan |
| Mean | Ment | Ment | Bermaksud |
| Meet | Met | Met | Bertemu |
| Send | Sent | Sent | Mengirim |
| Sit | Sat | Sat | Duduk |
| Spend | Spent | Spent | Mengirim |
Irregular Verb Pola #4
Pola #4 Verb 2 dan Verb 3 sama namun dengan akhiran bervariasi.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bleed | Bled | Bled | Berdarah |
| Breed | Bred | Bred | Beternak |
| Bring | Brought | Brought | Membawa |
| Burn | Burnt | Burnt | Membakar |
| Buy | Bought | Bought | Membeli |
| Catch | Caught | Caught | Menangkap |
| Dig | Dug | Dug | Menggali |
| Feed | Fed | Fed | Memberi makan |
| Fight | Fought | Fought | Berkelahi |
| Hang | Hung | Hung | Menggantung |
| Hold | Held | Held | Memegang |
| Shine | Shone | Shone | Berrsinar |
| Shoot | Shot | Shot | Menembak |
| Spin | Spun | Spun | Berputar |
| Spring | Sprang/Sprung | Sprung | Bergerak |
| Sting | Stung | Stung | Menyengat |
| Stink | Stunk | Stunk | Menebar bau busuk |
| Strike | Struck | Struck | Memukul |
| Sweep | Swept | Swept | Menyapu |
| Sleep | Slept | Slept | Tidur |
| Stick | Stuck | Stuck | Menempel(kan) |
| Teach | Taught | Taught | Mengajar |
| Tell | Told | Told | Mengabari |
| Think | Thought | Thought | Berpikir |
| Weep | Wept | Wept | Menangis |
| Win | Won | Won | (Me)menang(kan) |
| Wind | Wound | Wound | Membunyikan |
Irregular Verb Pola #5
Pola #5 adalah pola perubahan vokal. Bunyi vokal pada kata kerja bentuk present berubah menjadi [a] dalam bentuk past dan menjadi [u] dalam bentuk past participle.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Begin | Began | Begun | Mulai |
| Drink | Drank | Drunk | Minum |
| Ring | Rang | Rung | Membunyikan bel |
| Run | Ran | Run | Berlari |
| Sing | Sing | Sang | Bernyanyi |
| Sink | Sank | Sunk | Tenggelam |
| Swim | Swam | Swum | Berenang |
| Shrink | Shrank | Shrunk | Menyusut |
| Swing | Swang/Swung | Swung | Mengayun |
Irregular Verb Pola #6
Pola #4 adalah perubahan bertingkat. Bunyi vokal pada bentuk past berubah menjadi [e], sedangkan pada bentuk past participle, vokal berubah menjadi [o] dan menambahkan akhiran -n pada bentuk present.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grow | Grew | Grow | Tumbuh |
| Fly | Flew | Flown | Terbang |
| Know | Knew | Known | Mengetahui |
| Throw | Threw | Thrown | Membuang |
| Draw | Drew | Drawn | Menggambar |
| Withdraw | Withdrew | Withdrawn | Menarik |
Irregular Verb Pola #7
Pola #7 adalah perubahan bertingkat dan ditambahkan akhiran -n. Bentuk verb 2 berubah baik dengan perubahan vokal atau pengurangan vokal sedangkan verb 3 tetap namun ditambah akhiran -n.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bite | Bit | Bitten | Menggigit |
| Break | Broke | Broken | Merusak |
| Choose | Chose | Chosen | Memilih |
| Eat | Ate | Eaten | Makan |
| Fall | Fell | Fallen | Jatuh |
| Forget | Forgot | Forgotten | Lupa |
| Forgive | Forgave | Forgiven | Memaafkan |
| Freeze | Froze | Frozen | Membekukan |
| Give | Gave | Given | Memberikan |
| Hide | Hid | Hidden | Bersembunyi |
| Ride | Rode | Ridden | |
| Rise | Rose | Risen | |
| Shake | Shook | Shaken | Menggoyang(kan) |
| Speak | Spoke | Spoken | Berbicara |
| Steal | Stole | Stolen | Mencuri |
| Swear | Swore | Sworn | Bersumpah |
| Take | Took | Taken | Mengambil |
| Wake | Woke | Waken | Bangkit/ Membangunkan |
| Wear | Wore | Worn | Memudar/ Mengenakan |
| Weave | Wove | Woven | Menenun |
| Write | Wrote | Written | Menulis |
Irregular Verb Pola #8
Pola #7 adalah pola acak yang memiliki bentuk perubahan kata kerja yang beragam. Karena tidak cocok untuk dimasukkan ke salah satu pola di atas, maka ia dimasukkan dalam kategori pola acak.
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle | Arti |
|---|---|---|---|
| Be (Is, Am, Are) | Was/Were | Been | Adalah |
| Become | Became | Become | Menjadi |
| Come | Came | Come | Datang |
| Do | Did | Done | Melakukan |
| Lie | Lay | Lain | Berbaring |
| Mistake | Mistook | Mistaken | Salam Paham |
| See | Saw | Seen | Melihat |
Daftar Perubahan Kata Kerja Irregular Verb Berdasarkan Abjad A-Z
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past Participle |
| A | ||
| arise | arose | arisen |
| awake | awoke | awoken |
| B | ||
| bear | bore | borne |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| bend | bent | bent |
| beset | beset | beset |
| bet | bet/betted | bet |
| bid | bid | bid |
| bind | bound | bound |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| breed | bred | bred |
| bring | brought | brought |
| broadcast | broadcast | broadcast |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned |
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past Participle |
| C | ||
| cast | cast | cast |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| cling | clung | clung |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| cut | cut | cut |
| Verb 1 Infinitive) | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| D | ||
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dive | dived/dove (AmE) | dived |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt /dreamed | dreamt /dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| E | ||
| eat | ate | eaten |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| D | ||
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| dive | dived/dove | dived |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt /dreamed | dreamt /dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| E | ||
| eat | ate | eaten |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| F | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit | fit, fitted | fit, fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgo /forego | forwent, forewent | forgone, foregone |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| G | ||
| get | got | got (BrE) /gotten (AmE) |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| H | ||
| hang | hung | hung |
| hang | hanged | hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| K | ||
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt | knelt |
| know | knew | known |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| F | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit | fit, fitted | fit, fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgo /forego | forwent, forewent | forgone, foregone |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| G | ||
| get | got | got (BrE) /gotten (AmE) |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| H | ||
| hang | hung | hung |
| hang | hanged | hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| K | ||
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt | knelt |
| know | knew | known |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| F | ||
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| fit | fit, fitted | fit, fitted |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgo /forego | forwent, forewent | forgone, foregone |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| foretell | foretold | foretold |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| G | ||
| get | got | got (BrE) /gotten (AmE) |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grind | ground | ground |
| grow | grew | grown |
| H | ||
| hang | hung | hung |
| hang | hanged | hanged |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| K | ||
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt | knelt |
| know | knew | known |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| L | ||
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lean | leant /leaned | leant /leaned |
| leap | leapt /leaped | leapt /leaped |
| learn | learnt /learned | learnt /learned |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| light | lit /lighted | lit /lighted |
| lose | lost | lost |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| M | ||
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| misspell | misspelt /misspelled | misspelt /misspelled |
| mistake | mistook | mistaken |
| mow | mowed | mowed/mown |
| O | ||
| overcome | overcame | overcome |
| overdo | overdid | overdone |
| overtake | overtook | overtaken |
| overthrow | overthrew | overthrown |
| P | ||
| pay | paid | paid |
| plead | pleaded/ pled | pleaded/ pled |
| prove | proved | proved/proven |
| put | put | put |
| Q | ||
| quit | quit | quit |
| R | ||
| read | read | read |
| rid | rid | rid |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| S | ||
| saw | sawed | sawn /sawed |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| sew | sewed | sewn/sewed |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shear | sheared | sheared/shorn |
| shed | shed | shed |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| slay | slew | slayed /slain |
| slide | slid | slid |
| sling | slung | slung |
| slit | slit | slit |
| smell | smelt /smelled | smelt /smelled |
| smite | smote | smitten |
| sow | sowed | sown /sowed |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| speed | sped /speeded | sped /speeded |
| spell | spelt /spelled | spelt /spelled |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spill | spilt /spilled | spilt /spilled |
| spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spat | spat |
| split | split | split |
| spoil | spoilt /spoiled | spoilt /spoiled |
| spread | spread | spread |
| spring | sprang | sprung |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| stink | stank | stunk |
| stride | strode | stridden |
| strike | struck | struck |
| strive | strove | striven |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swell | swelled | swelled /swollen |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| Verb 1 Infinitive | Verb 2 Past | Verb 3 Past participle |
| T | ||
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| thrive | thrived /throve | thrived /thriven |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| thrust | thrust | thrust |
| tread | trod | trodden /trod |
| U | ||
| understand | understood | understood |
| uphold | upheld | upheld |
| upset | upset | upset |
| W | ||
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| weave | wove /weaved | woven /weaved |
| wed | wedded /wed | wedded /wed |
| weep | wept | wept |
| win | won | won |
| wind | wound | wound |
| withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn |
| withhold | withheld | withheld |
| withstand | withstood | withstood |
| wring | wrung | wrung |
| write | wrote | written |